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The — civil rights movement [b] in the United States was preceded by a decades-long campaign by African Americans and their like-minded allies to end legalized racial discriminationdisenfranchisement and racial segregation in the United States. The movement has its origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, although it made its largest legislative gains in the mids after years of direct actions and grassroots protests.
The social movement's major nonviolent resistance and essay on civil rights movement disobedience campaigns eventually secured new protections in federal law for the human rights of all Americans. After the American Civil War and the subsequent essay on civil rights movement of slavery in the s, the Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution granted emancipation and constitutional rights of citizenship to all African Americans, most of whom had recently been enslaved.
For a short period of time, African American men voted and held political office, but they were increasingly deprived of civil rightsoften under the so-called Jim Crow lawsand African Americans were subjected to discrimination and sustained violence by white supremacists in the South, essay on civil rights movement.
Over the following century, various efforts were made by African Americans to secure their legal and civil rights see also, Civil rights movement — and Civil rights movement — Inthe separate but equal policy, which aided the enforcement of Jim Crow laws, was substantially weakened and eventually dismantled with the United States Supreme Court 's Brown v.
Board of Education ruling and other subsequent rulings which followed. Federal, state, essay on civil rights movement, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to immediately respond to these situations, which highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans across the country. The lynching of Chicago teenager Emmett Till in Mississippi, and the outrage generated by seeing how he had been abused when his mother decided to have an open-casket funeral, galvanized the African-American community nationwide.
At the culmination of a legal strategy pursued by African Americans, the U. Supreme Court in under the leadership of Earl Warren struck down many of the laws that had allowed racial segregation and discrimination to be legal in the United States as unconstitutional.
Board of EducationHeart of Atlanta Motel, essay on civil rights movement, Inc. United Statesand Loving v. Virginia which banned segregation in public schools and public accommodations, and struck down all state laws banning interracial marriage.
The Civil Rights Act of[11] which was upheld by the Supreme Court in Heart of Atlanta Motel, essay on civil rights movement, Inc. United Statesexplicitly banned all discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment practices, ended unequal application of voter registration requirements, and prohibited racial segregation in schools, at the workplace, and in public accommodations, essay on civil rights movement.
The Voting Rights Act of restored and protected voting rights for minorities by authorizing federal oversight of registration and elections in areas with historic under-representation of minorities as voters. The Fair Housing Act of banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing.
African Americans re-entered politics in the South, and young people across the country were inspired to take action. From througha wave of inner-city riots and protests in black communities dampened support from the white middle class, but increased support from private foundations. Instead, its leaders demanded that, in addition to the new laws gained through the nonviolent movement, political and economic self-sufficiency had to be developed in the black community.
Support for the Black Power movement came from African Americans who had seen little material improvement since the Civil Rights Movement's peak in the mids, and who still faced discrimination in jobs, housing, education and politics.
Many popular representations of the civil rights movement are centered on the charismatic leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr. However, some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to any particular person, organization, or strategy. Before the American Civil Wareight serving presidents had owned slavesalmost four million black people remained enslaved in the Southonly white men with property could vote, and the Naturalization Act of limited U.
citizenship to whites. at the time. Many whites resisted the social changes, leading to the formation of insurgent movements such as the Ku Klux Klanwhose members attacked essay on civil rights movement and white Republicans in order to maintain white supremacy. Inessay on civil rights movement, President Ulysses S. Grantthe U. Army, and U. Attorney General Amos T. Akermaninitiated a campaign to repress the KKK under the Enforcement Acts.
In addition, by the early s, other white supremacist and insurgent paramilitary groups arose that violently opposed African-American legal equality and suffrage, intimidating and suppressing black voters, and assassinating Republican officeholders. After the disputed election ofwhich resulted in the end of Reconstruction and the withdrawal of federal troops, whites in the South regained political control of the region's state legislatures.
They continued to intimidate and violently attack blacks before and during elections to suppress their voting, but the last African Americans were elected to Congress from the South before disenfranchisement of blacks by states throughout the region, as described below.
From tosouthern states passed new constitutions and laws to disenfranchise African Americans and many Poor Whites by creating barriers to voter registration; voting rolls were dramatically reduced as blacks and poor whites were forced out of electoral politics.
After the landmark Supreme Court case of Smith v. Allwrightwhich prohibited white primariesprogress was made in increasing black political participation in the Rim South and Acadiana — although almost entirely in urban areas [21] and a few rural localities where most blacks worked outside plantations.
For more than sixty years, blacks in the South were essentially excluded from politics, unable to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government. During this period, the white-dominated Democratic Party maintained political control of the South. With whites controlling all the seats representing the total population of the South, they had a powerful voting bloc in Congress.
The Republican Party —the "party of Lincoln" and the party to which most blacks had belonged—shrank to insignificance except in remote Unionist areas of Appalachia and the Ozarks as black voter registration was suppressed. The Republican lily-white movement also gained strength by excluding blacks. Untilthe " Solid South " was a one-party system under the white Democrats.
Excepting the previously noted historic Unionist strongholds the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state and local office. Washingtonpresident of the Tuskegee Instituteto dine at the White Housemaking him the first African American to attend an official dinner there. However, these actions were resisted by both white Democrats and white Republicans as an unwanted federal intrusion into state politics.
During the same time as African Americans were being disenfranchised, white southerners imposed racial segregation by law. Violence against blacks increased, with numerous lynchings through the turn of the century. The system of de jure state-sanctioned racial discrimination and oppression that emerged from the post-Reconstruction South became known as the " Jim Crow " system. The United States Supreme Court made up almost entirely of Northerners, upheld the constitutionality of those state laws that required racial segregation in public facilities in its decision Plessy v.
Fergusonlegitimizing them through the " separate but equal " doctrine. The early 20th century is a period often referred to as the " nadir of American race relations ", when the number of lynchings was highest. While tensions and civil rights violations were most intense in the South, social discrimination affected African Americans in other regions as well.
African Americans and other ethnic minorities rejected this regime. They resisted it in numerous ways and sought better opportunities through lawsuits, new organizations, political redress, and labor organizing see the Civil rights movement — The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP was founded in It fought to end race discrimination through litigationeducation, and lobbying efforts.
Its crowning achievement was its legal victory in the Supreme Court essay on civil rights movement Brown v, essay on civil rights movement. Board of Educationwhen the Warren Court ruled that segregation of public schools in the US was unconstitutional and, by implication, overturned the " separate but equal " doctrine established in Plessy v.
Ferguson of The integration of Southern public libraries followed demonstrations and protests that used techniques seen in other elements of the larger civil rights movement. The situation for blacks outside the South was somewhat better in most states they could vote and have their children educated, though they still faced discrimination in housing and jobs.
In Reverend Matthew Anderson, speaking at the annual Hampton Negro Conference in Virginia, said that " the lines along most of the avenues of wage-earning are more rigidly drawn in the North essay on civil rights movement in the South. There seems to be essay on civil rights movement apparent effort throughout the North, essay on civil rights movement, especially in the cities to debar the colored worker from all the avenues of higher remunerative labor, which makes it more difficult to improve his economic condition even than in the South.
A total of nearly seven million blacks left the South in what was known as the Great Migrationmost during and after World War II. So many people migrated that the demographics of some previously black-majority states changed to a white majority in combination with other developments. The rapid influx of blacks altered the demographics of Northern and Western cities; happening at a period of expanded European, Hispanic, and Asian essay on civil rights movement, it added to social competition and tensions, with the new migrants and immigrants battling for a place in jobs and housing.
Reflecting essay on civil rights movement tensions after World War I, as veterans struggled to return to the workforce and labor unions were organizing, the Red Summer of was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U. as a result of white race riots against blacks that took place in more than three dozen cities, such as the Chicago race riot of and the Omaha race riot of Urban problems such as crime and disease were blamed on the large influx of Southern blacks to cities in the north and west, based on stereotypes of rural southern African-Americans.
Overall, blacks in Northern and Western cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life, essay on civil rights movement. Within employment, economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest status and restrictive in potential mobility. Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence, restrictive covenantsredlining and racial steering ".
Roosevelt administration during the Great Depression in the s. After both World Wars, black veterans of the military pressed for full civil rights and often led activist movements. InPresident Harry Truman issued Executive Orderessay on civil rights movement, which ended segregation in the military. Housing segregation became a nationwide problem following the Great Migration of black people out of the South, essay on civil rights movement.
Racial covenants were employed by many real estate developers to "protect" entire subdivisionswith the primary intent to keep " white " neighborhoods "white". Ninety percent of the housing projects built in the years following World War II were racially restricted by such covenants.
Said premises shall not be rented, leased, or conveyed to, or occupied by, any person other than of the white or Caucasian race. While many whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward black people, many other whites migrated to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions, a process known as white flight, essay on civil rights movement.
The first anti-miscegenation law was passed by the Maryland General Assembly incriminalizing interracial marriage. faced a backlash for his involvement with white actress Kim Novak. Invigorated by the victory of Brown and frustrated by the lack of immediate practical effect, essay on civil rights movement citizens increasingly rejected gradualist, legalistic approaches as the primary tool to bring about desegregation. They were faced with " massive resistance " in the South by proponents of racial segregation and voter suppression.
In defiance, African-American activists adopted a combined strategy of direct actionnonviolencenonviolent resistanceand many events described as civil disobediencegiving rise to the civil rights movement of to Philip Randolph had planned a march on Washington, D. The strategy of public education, legislative lobbying, and litigation that had typified the civil rights movement during the first half of the 20th century broadened after Brown to a strategy that emphasized " direct action ": boycotts, sit-insFreedom Ridesmarches or walks, essay on civil rights movement, and similar tactics that relied on mass essay on civil rights movement, nonviolent resistance, standing in line, and, at times, civil disobedience.
Churches, local grassroots organizations, essay on civil rights movement, fraternal societies, and black-owned businesses mobilized volunteers to participate in broad-based actions. This was a more direct and potentially more rapid means of creating change than the traditional approach of mounting court challenges used by the NAACP and others.
Inthe Regional Council of Negro Leadership RCNLled by T. Howarda black surgeon, entrepreneur, and planter organized a successful boycott of gas stations in Mississippi that refused to provide restrooms for blacks. Through the RCNL, Howard led campaigns to expose brutality by the Mississippi state highway patrol and to encourage blacks to make deposits in the black-owned Tri-State Bank of Nashville which, in turn, essay on civil rights movement loans to civil rights activists who were victims of a "credit squeeze" by the White Citizens' Councils.
After Claudette Colvin was essay on civil rights movement for not giving up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus in Marcha bus boycott was considered and rejected. But when Rosa Parks was arrested in December, Jo Ann Gibson Robinson of the Montgomery Women's Political Council put the bus boycott protest in motion.
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